Practice question

**Isobaric and isothermal** are fundamental thermodynamic processes, isobaric P constant horizontal line on P-V diagram, isothermal hyperbolic P = n R T/V, work equals area under curve, isothermal work larger than adiabatic for same volume change because pressure higher. For isothermal: W = μ R T ln((V₂)/(V₁)) . μ = 0.3 , R = 8.3 , T = 450 , V₂ = 12 , V₁ = 4 . W = 0.3 × 8.3 × 450 × ln((12)/(4)) = 1120.5 × ln(3) . ln(3) ≈ 1.0986 , W ≈ 1120.5 × 1.0986 ≈ 1231 J . Using first law ΔU = Q - W, W =