Practice question

**Reversibility** reversible process can be reversed by infinitesimal change, no entropy production, quasi-static without friction, e.g., Carnot cycle reversible, irreversible processes involve friction, free expansion, heat transfer across finite temperature difference, entropy increases, most real processes irreversible. For isochoric: (P₁)/(T₁) = (P₂)/(T₂) . P₁ = 8 atm , T₁ = 60 + 273 = 333 K , T₂ = 120 + 273 = 393 K . (8)/(333) = (P₂)/(393) ⇒ P₂ = (8 × 393)/(333) ≈ 9.44 atm . Using first law ΔU = Q - W, W = ∫ P dV, isobaric W = P ΔV, isothermal W = n R T ln(V₂/V₁), adiabatic