#lone pairs

CHEMISTRY

What is the total number of lone pairs on the nitrogen atom in the HNO₃ molecule?

In HNO₃, nitrogen forms 3 bonds (1 double to O, 1 single to O, 1 single to OH), using all 5 valence electrons, leaving 0 lone pairs. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII), Chapter: Chemical Bonding (Latest NCERT 2026-27), Topic: Hybridization of nitrogen in CH₃NH₂, sp³ hybridization and pyramidal geometry

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Valence Bond Theory and Hybridisation - sp sp2 sp3 dsp2

Which molecule has a bond angle of exactly 120° due to sp² hybridization and no lone pairs?

In BH₃ , boron is sp² hybridized with 3 bonding pairs and no lone pairs, forming a trigonal planar shape with 120° bond angles.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Valence Bond Theory and Hybridisation - sp sp2 sp3 dsp2

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Valence Bond Theory and Hybridisation - sp sp2 sp3 dsp2

The number of lone pairs on the central atom in XeF₂ is:

In XeF₂ , xenon has 8 valence electrons and forms 2 bonds (4 electrons used), leaving 4 electrons as 3 lone pairs. With sp³d hybridization, the 5 electron pairs (2 bonding, 3 lone) result in a trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry and a linear molecular shape.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Valence Bond Theory and Hybridisation - sp sp2 sp3 dsp2

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VSEPR Theory and Shapes of Molecules

Which molecule has a bond angle of approximately 87° due to two lone pairs in a trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry?

In BrF₃ , bromine is sp³d hybridized with 5 electron pairs (3 bonding, 2 lone), forming a T-shaped geometry with ~87° bond angles.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: VSEPR Theory and Shapes of Molecules

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VSEPR Theory and Shapes of Molecules

The number of lone pairs on bromine in BrF₃ is:

In BrF₃, bromine has 7 valence electrons and forms 3 single bonds (6 electrons used), leaving 4 electrons as 2 lone pairs. With sp³d hybridization, the 5 electron pairs (3 bonding, 2 lone) result in a T-shaped molecular geometry.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: VSEPR Theory and Shapes of Molecules

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Kossel-Lewis Approach and Octet Rule and Lewis Structures

The number of lone pairs on xenon in XeF₆ is:

In XeF₆ , xenon has 8 valence electrons, forms 6 bonds (12 electrons used), leaving 2 electrons as 1 lone pair in a sp³d³ hybridized state.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Kossel-Lewis Approach and Octet Rule and Lewis Structures

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Kossel-Lewis Approach and Octet Rule and Lewis Structures

The number of lone pairs on chlorine in ClF₅ is:

In ClF₅ , chlorine has 7 valence electrons, forms 5 bonds (10 electrons used), leaving 2 electrons as 1 lone pair in a sp³d² hybridized state.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Kossel-Lewis Approach and Octet Rule and Lewis Structures

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Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds

Which molecule has a V-shaped geometry due to two lone pairs on the central atom?

In OF₂ , oxygen is sp³ hybridized with two bonding pairs and two lone pairs, resulting in a bent (V-shaped) geometry.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds

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Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds

Which molecule has a pentagonal bipyramidal shape with no lone pairs?

In IF₇ , iodine is sp³d³ hybridized with 7 bonding pairs and no lone pairs, forming a pentagonal bipyramidal shape.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds

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Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds

The number of lone pairs on iodine in IF₅ is:

In IF₅ , iodine has 7 valence electrons, forms 5 bonds (10 electrons used), leaving 2 electrons as 1 lone pair in a sp³d² hybridized state.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds

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Hydrogen Bonding and Resonance and Dipole Moment

The number of lone pairs on xenon in XeF₂ is:

In XeF₂ , xenon has 8 valence electrons, forms 2 bonds (4 electrons used), leaving 6 electrons as 3 lone pairs in a sp³d hybridized state.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Hydrogen Bonding and Resonance and Dipole Moment

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Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule

Which molecule has a bent shape due to the presence of lone pairs?

In H₂O , oxygen has two lone pairs and two bonding pairs, resulting in a bent shape with a bond angle of 104.5°.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule

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