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Cleavage at C-Cl forms CH₃CH₂CH₂CH⁺CH₃ (secondary). A hydride shift to CH₃CH₂CH⁺CH₂CH₃ (secondary) is equally stable, but +I effect from alkyl groups favors it slightly more.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Electronic Effects - Inductive Mesomeric Hyperconjugation and Resonance
Heterolytic cleavage of CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂Cl at CH₂Cl forms CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂⁺ (primary), but a hydride shift forms CH₃CH₂C⁺(CH₃)CH₃ (tertiary), stabilized by the +I effect of three alkyl groups.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Electronic Effects - Inductive Mesomeric Hyperconjugation and Resonance
In CH₃CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂ (pent-1-ene), the fourth carbon (CH=) is part of the double bond, experiencing the strongest +I effect from adjacent alkyl groups.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Electronic Effects - Inductive Mesomeric Hyperconjugation and Resonance
In CH₃CH₂CH₂C(=O)CH₃ (pentan-2-one), the carbonyl carbon (C=O) is directly bonded to oxygen, experiencing the strongest -I effect due to proximity.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Electronic Effects - Inductive Mesomeric Hyperconjugation and Resonance
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