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#free radicals

6 public questions tagged with this topic.

Cell Biology

ETC has a potential to produce highly reactive free radicals that can damage the cells. Which one of the following is us

The principle of cellular compartmentalization and cell cycle explains that SNARE-mediated trafficking, Hayflick limit, P53 and cyclin regulation control proliferation. Hence glutathione peroxidase fits best because it aligns with membrane trafficking and cell cycle control, as documented in authoritative sources on cell biology.

Ref: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition, Chapter 10, Membrane Structure and Transport, discusses SNARE proteins, vesicle trafficking, ER, Golgi, endosome membranes and selective transport providing compartmentalization foundation.

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Teratogens

Alcohol-induced superoxide radicals cause:

Embryos possess immature antioxidant defense systems with low catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. Ethanol oxidation by cytochrome P450 2E1 generates superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals causing lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial permeability transition. Elevated ROS activates stress kinases JNK and p53 inducing intrinsic apoptosis pathway via Bax and cytochrome c release leading to caspase-mediated cell death in neural crest and neural tube. Antioxidant treatment reduces fetal alcohol defects in animal models. Cell death rather than increased proliferation underl

Ref: Gilbert, Developmental Biology, 12th ed., Chapter 20: Alcohol superoxide radicals cause cell death.

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Fundamental Concepts - Reaction Mechanism - Fission and Reaction Intermediates

Which free radical is most stable if formed from CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ via homolytic cleavage?

Homolytic cleavage at CH₂ forms CH₃CH₂CH·CH₂CH₃ (secondary radical), more stable than primary due to hyperconjugation.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Fundamental Concepts - Reaction Mechanism - Fission and Reaction Intermediates

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Electronic Effects - Inductive Mesomeric Hyperconjugation and Resonance

Which intermediate is least stable when formed from CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ via homolytic cleavage?

Homolytic cleavage at CH₃-CH₂ forms CH₃· (primary radical), less stable than CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂· (primary) or secondary radicals due to minimal hyperconjugation.

Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Electronic Effects - Inductive Mesomeric Hyperconjugation and Resonance

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