Practice question

**Fundamental property of charge** includes additivity and quantization, meaning net charge equals algebraic sum of constituents and each is multiple of e. When rod loses charge, electron removal is inferred, and n = q/e gives transferred count. Losing charge means electrons are removed, so charge is positive. q = n e , e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C . n = (q/|e|) = (3.2 × 10⁻⁸/1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹) = 2 × 10¹¹ . Substituting values gives 2 × 10¹¹, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.