Practice question

**Fundamental property of charge** includes additivity and quantization, meaning net charge equals algebraic sum of constituents and each is multiple of e. When rod loses charge, electron removal is inferred, and n = q/e gives transferred count. For a conductor, E = (sigma/ε₀) . E = (20 × 10⁻⁶/8.854 × 10⁻¹²) = 2.26 × 10⁶ N/C . Substituting values gives 2.26 × 10⁶ N/C, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.