Practice question

**Gauss's theorem** states total flux through closed surface equals enclosed charge divided by free-space permittivity, Φ_total = q_enc/ε₀, ε₀ = 8.854×10⁻¹² C²/(N·m²). Result independent of shape or size, depends only on net enclosed charge, enabling charge determination from flux. Φ = (q/ε₀) . q = Φ ε₀ = 1.13 × 10⁵ × 8.854 × 10⁻¹² = 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ C = 1 μC . Substituting values gives 1.0 μC, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.