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Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration. It includes Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).
Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function.
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration. It includes Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Residual volume remains in the lungs after forced expiration and cannot be expelled.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Expiratory Capacity (EC) is the total amount of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration (TV + ERV).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Pick C: IRV + TV + ERV. Thinking about Lung Volumes, Capacities and Regulation in a practical way — what the structure does, or what the process achieves — leads you here. Clinically and academically, the same logic shows up again and again: IRV + TV + ERV is the option that correctly names the structure, process, or principle asked for in Lung Volumes, Capacities and Regulation. Hence IRV + TV + ERV is correct. Treat this as a building block for the rest of Lung Volumes, Capacities and Regulation; neighbouring topics often reuse the same principle. Keep a one-line summary card for this idea and revisit it before the paper; short, repeated review beats long cramming sessions.
Ref: Animal physiology is Unit 7 of the CSIR NET Life Science Syllabus, covering core body systems. It accounts for roughly 10% of the total marks in Sections B and C.
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