Practice question

**Capacitor filter** purpose to reduce ripple, capacitor charges to peak during diode conduction and discharges through load during non-conduction, time constant τ = R C, larger RC less ripple, ripple reduced by using capacitor or LC filter, output of half-wave without filter is pulsating half sinusoids, full-wave without filter is two half sinusoids per cycle. A half-wave rectifier conducts only during the positive half-cycle of the AC input, allowing current through the load only in that period, producing a pulsating output for half the cycle. Substituting values gives Positive half-cycle, which matches expected behaviour for this semiconductor device configuration, confirming doping, depletion and rectifier principles.