Practice question

**Isobaric and isothermal** are fundamental thermodynamic processes, isobaric P constant horizontal line on P-V diagram, isothermal hyperbolic P = n R T/V, work equals area under curve, isothermal work larger than adiabatic for same volume change because pressure higher. Specific heat capacity varies with temperature because the energy required to raise the temperature of a substance depends on molecular interactions and vibrational modes, which change with temperature (e.g., water’s variation in Fig. 11.5). Using first law ΔU = Q - W, W = ∫ P dV, isobaric W = P ΔV, isothermal W = n R T ln(V₂/V₁), adiabatic P V^γ = const and η