Practice question

**Symmetric configurations** from Gauss's law produce characteristic fields. Uniformly charged infinite plane gives uniform field E = σ/(2ε₀) independent of distance due to planar symmetry, spherical shell acts as point charge outside E = kq/r² and zero inside, reflecting zero enclosed charge interior. Outside shell ( r > R ): E = (k q/r²) . k = 9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C² , q = 9 × 10⁻⁶ C , r = 0.18 m . E = 9 × 10⁹ × (9 × 10⁻⁶/(0.18)²) = 9 × 10⁹ × (9 × 10⁻⁶/0.0324) = 2.5 × 10⁶ N/C . Substituting values gives 2.5 × 10⁶ N/C, which