Practice question

**Gas laws** Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac are special cases of ideal gas equation, for constant pressure volume-temperature relation V ∝ T, for constant temperature pressure-volume inverse, for constant volume pressure-temperature direct, enabling calculation of new volume from temperature ratio. Triatomic gas: 6 degrees of freedom (3 translational + 3 rotational).C_v = 3R, Q = μ C_v Δ T = 0.2 × 3 × 8.31 × 10 = 49.86 J . Substituting values gives 49.86 J, which matches expected kinetic theory result, confirming mean free path λ = 1/(√2 n π d²), ideal gas law P V = n R T and v_rms = √(3 R T/M) relations.