Practice question

**Charge conservation and quantization** govern rubbing processes where electrons transfer without creation. Total charge before and after remains equal, and any measured charge corresponds to n = q/e electrons, allowing counting of carriers from coulomb value. Surface charge density creates a field discontinuity. Inside a conductor, the field is zero, while just outside, it’s proportional to the surface charge density ( E = sigma/ε₀ ), as per Gauss’s law applied to a pillbox surface straddling the boundary. Substituting values gives Surface charge density, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.