Practice question

**Dipole moment** governs torque and energy in external field. Axial field stronger than equatorial, torque maximum at θ = 90°, zero when aligned. Work done rotating dipole relates to ΔU = pE(1 - cosθ), explaining stable equilibrium at θ = 0°. In a non-uniform field, the field strength varies across the dipole, causing unequal forces on the positive and negative charges. This results in a net force, unlike in a uniform field where equal and opposite forces cancel out. Substituting values gives Field gradient, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.