Practice question

**Gauss's theorem** states total flux through closed surface equals enclosed charge divided by free-space permittivity, Φ_total = q_enc/ε₀, ε₀ = 8.854×10⁻¹² C²/(N·m²). Result independent of shape or size, depends only on net enclosed charge, enabling charge determination from flux. Total flux: Φ = (q/ε₀) . Φ = (8 × 10⁻⁶/8.854 × 10⁻¹²) = 9.03 × 10⁵ N·m²/C . Substituting values gives 9.03 × 10⁵ N·m²/C, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.