Practice question

**Specific heat capacity** c = Q/(m ΔT) (J/kg·K), molar C = Q/(n ΔT), heat required to raise temperature, Q = m c ΔT, for water c=4186 J/kg·K, latent heat L = Q/m for phase change at constant temperature, fusion L_f and vaporization L_v, Q = m L, e.g., ice melting L_f=3.34×10⁵ J/kg, water vaporization 2.26×10⁶ J/kg. At constant pressure ( C_p ), heat supplies energy for both internal energy increase and work done due to expansion ( Δ Q = Δ U + P Δ V ). At constant volume ( C_v ), no work is done ( Δ V = 0 ), so heat