Practice question

**Charge density formulation** allows integration over extended bodies, but highly symmetric cases yield simple expressions. Infinite line gives E ∝ λ/r, unlike point charge 1/r², reflecting different geometry of source. The spherical symmetry of the charge distribution on the conductor’s surface ensures that the field outside behaves as if all charge were at the center, as per Gauss’s law. This symmetry simplifies the field to a radial, point-charge-like pattern. Substituting values gives Spherical symmetry, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.