Practice question

**Electric flux** through surface measures field lines crossing it, Φ = E·A = E A cosθ for uniform field, unit N·m²/C. For circular area in xy-plane with field along z, θ = 0°, cosθ = 1, so Φ = E·πR² directly, maximum when field normal to surface. The field’s ability to act at a distance is due to its nature as a force mediator. Generated by charges, it extends through space, influencing other charges via the force F = qE , without requiring direct interaction. Substituting values gives Action at a distance, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.