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Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size that an environment can support indefinitely without resource depletion.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Growth - Exponential and Logistic Models
Absolute natality, also called physiological or maximum natality, is the maximum rate of offspring production possible under ideal conditions. It reflects the biological reproductive capacity of a population when nutrition, mates, climate, and other requirements are nonlimiting. Realized or ecological natality is the actual birth output under field conditions, where competition, disease, age structure, and environmental stress usually lower reproduction. Fecundity is closely related but generally describes the potential reproductive capacity of an individual or specified group, such as eggs per female, whereas natality is commonly expressed as production of new individuals at the population level per unit time. Fertility refers more directly to achieved reproductive performance or viable offspring, depending on disciplinary usage. The wording “maximum number produced in ideal conditions” points to the maximum-natality concept rather than observed natality. The distinction is useful because a species may possess high physiological reproductive capacity but show low population recruitment when fertilization, offspring survival, or suitable breeding habitat limits the conversion of potential production into new census members.
Ref: Ecology: Concepts and Applications, Molles, 9th Ed., Ch. 11
