Variant detection by cytological studies involves:
Cytological analysis visualizes nuclear integrity to uncover ploidy changes and structural rearrangements. Actively growing root tips or callus are pretreated with mitotic inhibitors such as colchicine or paradichlorobenzene to accumulate metaphases, fixed in Carnoy's fluid, hydrolyzed with HCl, and stained with acetocarmine, Feulgen reagent, or fluorescent DAPI binding AT-rich DNA. Squash preparations allow chromosome counting, measurement of arm ratios, and identification of deletions, duplications, translocations, and fragments under light or epifluorescence microscope. Monitoring lagging c
Ref: Sharma & Sharma Chromosome Techniques Butterworth; NCBI NBK21134 karyotyping; PLOS ONE garlic somaclonal cytology 2020; Lodish Ch 20 microscopy.