Practice question

**Quantization of charge** states observable charge is integer multiple of elementary charge e = 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C, q = n·e, and total charge is conserved in isolated systems. Loss of electrons produces positive charge, and number of transferred electrons follows n = q/e, linking macroscopic charge measurement to microscopic carriers. Negative charge means electrons gained. q = n e , e = -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C . n = (q/|e|) = (1.6 × 10⁻⁷/1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹) = 1 × 10¹² . Substituting values gives 1 × 10¹², which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.