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The tropics have experienced a longer evolutionary history, a more stable climate, and greater solar energy availability, all of which contribute to higher biodiversity.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation Patterns of Biodiversity - Latitudinal Gradients
NCERT attributes the high biodiversity of tropical regions to their long evolutionary history, relatively stable climate, and greater availability of solar energy.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation Patterns of Biodiversity - Latitudinal Gradients
Tropical rainforests possess exceptionally high species richness and are expected to contain many undescribed species.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation Patterns of Biodiversity - Latitudinal Gradients
Low predation is not a standard explanation for exceptionally high tropical biodiversity. Stable warm climates, long evolutionary time, high productivity, and strong spatial heterogeneity can promote niche specialisation and coexistence. Intense competition may encourage resource partitioning, while predation can prevent competitive exclusion by limiting dominant species. Thus reduced predation would not generally account for maintaining many competitors; in some systems, stronger consumer pressure can actually support diversity. Energy is lost as metabolic heat at every trophic transfer, whil
Ref: Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, Begon et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 17-19
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