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Carbocations are stabilized by hyperconjugation, where adjacent C-H bonds donate electron density to the empty p-orbital.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Fundamental Concepts - Reaction Mechanism - Fission and Reaction Intermediates
The primary carbocation CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂⁺ can undergo a hydride shift to form CH₃CH⁺CH₂CH₃ (secondary), which is more stable due to hyperconjugation.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Electronic Effects - Inductive Mesomeric Hyperconjugation and Resonance
For H₂⁺ : (sigma 1s)¹ . Bonding = 1, antibonding = 0. Bond order = (1 - 0/2) = 0.5 , and it exists as a stable ion.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Kossel-Lewis Approach and Octet Rule and Lewis Structures
The stability of ionic compounds like NaCl arises from the lattice enthalpy, which compensates for the energy required to form ions.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds
High evenness distributes individuals and ecological functions across many species rather than concentrating them in one dominant taxon. This can stabilize aggregate properties such as biomass production because environmental fluctuations rarely affect all species identically. When one species declines, others may maintain resource capture or compensate through increased growth—the portfolio or insurance effect. Evenness also reduces the chance that loss of a single dominant species causes a large functional collapse. By contrast, strong dominance makes community performance disproportionately
Ref: NCERT Biology Class 12, Ch. 15 Biodiversity and Conservation
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