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Biodiversity has three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation Biodiversity - Levels - Genetic Species Ecological
Beta diversity measures change in species composition between habitats, communities, or ecosystems. If two ecosystems contain nearly identical species, beta diversity is low even when each has many species. If their species lists overlap little, beta diversity is high because replacement or turnover is substantial. It can be quantified using dissimilarity indices or related to spatial scales multiplicatively as β = γ/α, where gamma is regional diversity and alpha is average local diversity. Additive partitioning may instead use β = γ − α, so the definition and metric should always be stated. A
Ref: NCERT Biology Class 12, Ch. 15 Biodiversity and Conservation
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