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An n-type semiconductor is formed by doping a tetravalent semiconductor (like Si or Ge) with a pentavalent impurity (e.g., As, Sb, P), which donates an extra electron for conduction.
Ref: NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Dual Nature, Atoms, Nuclei and Electronic Devices, Topic: Atomic structure, nuclear binding and semiconductor physics.
A p-type semiconductor is created by doping a tetravalent semiconductor (e.g., Si) with a trivalent impurity (e.g., B, Al, In), which accepts electrons and creates holes as majority carriers.
Ref: NCERT Physics Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII, continuing as per NCERT advisory for 2026-27),Topic: Fundamental laws, definitions and applications as per latest NCERT. The section explains governing laws, formulas like μ₀ = 4π.
A p-n junction diode allows current in forward bias (low resistance) and blocks it in reverse bias (high resistance), making it ideal for rectification of AC to DC.
Ref: NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Current Electricity, Topic: Resistivity, temperature dependence and circuit analysis.
In an intrinsic semiconductor, charge carriers (electrons and holes) are generated by thermal excitation at temperatures above 0 K, breaking covalent bonds and creating electron-hole pairs.
Ref: NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Relevant Physics topic covering fundamental principles,
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