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Hershey and Chase used sulfur-35 to label proteins and phosphorus-32 to label DNA in bacteriophage experiments.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Search for Genetic Material and RNA World
Sulfur constitutes cysteine and methionine residues, essential for disulfide bonds and enzyme active sites, making sulfur tracking ideal for protein synthesis studies. Sulfur-35 is chemically identical to natural sulfur, emits moderate beta particles easily detected without excessive radiation damage, and half-life of 87 days allows pulse-chase labeling. Phosphorus-32 labels nucleic acids preferentially, tritium and carbon-14 label broadly all macromolecules lacking specificity for sulfhydryl amino acids. Incorporation of labeled methionine containing sulfur-35 into nascent polypeptides directly monitors translation rates and protein turnover.
Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.
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