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Mutation rate affects genetic variation but does not directly regulate population density like birth rate, death rate, and migration.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Attributes - Birth Death Sex Ratio Age Distribution
Territoriality is biotic because it arises from interactions among organisms, and it is density-dependent because encounters and exclusion become more frequent as abundance rises. Once available territories are occupied, newcomers may be prevented from breeding or forced into poor habitat. This lowers recruitment or raises dispersal and mortality, creating negative feedback on population growth. Population regulation concerns feedback, not mere limitation. A drought may sharply reduce numbers yet fail to push the population toward a repeatable equilibrium. Competition, disease, territoriality, and some predator responses can strengthen with crowding, changing births or deaths in a direction that opposes the density change and thereby producing regulation. The example should therefore be understood as an application of a general model, with its assumptions kept explicit. Ecological predictions remain conditional on the stated environment, because changing resources, mortality, or interactions can alter the observed demographic pattern. This interpretation connects individual-level processes with measurable changes in survival, reproduction, recruitment, or abundance across the population.
Ref: Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, Begon et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 5
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