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Parasitic platyhelminths (e.g., tapeworms) lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients directly from the host through their body surface.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Ctenophora and Platyhelminthes
Flame cells in platyhelminthes help in excretion and osmoregulation.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Ctenophora and Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes represent earliest lineages of triploblastic acoelomates where mesoderm fills space between body wall and gut as parenchymatous tissue without fluid-filled cavity, gut when present incomplete without anus. Flatworms exhibit dorsoventral flattening improving diffusion distance compensating lack of circulatory system, bilateral symmetry, centralized ganglia forming brain, ladder-like nerve cords, protonephridia with flame bulbs for osmoregulation and anaerobic metabolism. Distinct from diploblastic acoelomates lacking mesoderm entirely and from pseudocoelomate and eucoelomate for
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chapter 4 Platyhelminthes; Brusca & Brusca Invertebrates Acoelomate Body Plan
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