Which of the following organisms are affected by plastic ingestion?
Plastic ingestion affects marine birds, mammals, turtles, and fish, as well as many invertebrates. Animals may mistake fragments for prey or ingest particles indirectly through contaminated food. Consequences include gut blockage, false satiation, reduced body condition, tissue injury, and exposure to additives or sorbed contaminants. Restricting the effect to one group ignores extensive observations across trophic levels and feeding modes. Trophic transfer can occur when predators consume contaminated prey, although evidence for consistent biomagnification of particle numbers remains system-d
Ref: Campbell Biology, Urry et al., 12th Ed., Unit 8 Ecology