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Phytoplankton are the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 12: Ecosystem Ecosystem - Structure Components Stratification
Diatoms are photosynthetic chrysophytes and are described as the chief producers in the oceans. Their silica-containing cell walls also accumulate over long periods to form diatomaceous earth.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 2: Biological Classification Protista - Chrysophytes and Dinoflagellates
Phytoplankton maintain aquatic food chains despite low standing biomass because their populations have rapid cell division and high turnover. Consumers may remove cells nearly as quickly as they are produced, so a small biomass measured at one moment can generate large annual primary production. This is analogous to a small, rapidly replenished account supporting a large flow. Nutrient supply, light, and grazing regulate the rate, while edible, non-lignified cells often permit efficient transfer to zooplankton. Pyramid shape is an accounting result with biological causes, including body-size d
Ref: Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum & Barrett, 5th Ed., Ch. 3
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