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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is caused by prions, which are misfolded proteins that damage the nervous system.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Common Diseases - Protozoan - Malaria Amoebiasis
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder caused by the degeneration of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
Lead was historically added to petrol as tetraethyl lead to improve engine performance. Combustion released lead-containing particles that contaminated urban air, soil, and dust. Lead interferes with enzymes, synaptic development, haem synthesis, and calcium-dependent signalling; children are especially vulnerable to cognitive and behavioural impairment. Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium are toxic metals, but they were not the characteristic antiknock petrol additive. Atmospheric inversions can trap contaminants near the surface, while wind, turbulence, precipitation, and chemical transformation determine their eventual distribution and removal. At organismal level, respiratory surfaces are especially exposed because large volumes of air contact thin, moist epithelia designed for rapid gas exchange. Sound classification links the source, atmospheric fate, exposure route, and mechanism of toxicity rather than relying only on the pollutant's name. Effective management combines cleaner fuels, emission standards, monitoring, urban planning, and protection of populations with high exposure or physiological vulnerability. The distinction is ecologically important because emission control must target either the directly released precursor or the product formed after atmospheric transport and reaction.
Ref: Campbell Biology, Urry et al., 12th Ed., Unit 8 Ecology
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