Plants produced via androgenesis are initially:
Plants produced via androgenesis are initially haploid bearing single chromosome set n derived from meiotic reduction of diploid mother cells into microspores. After meiosis each microspore contains recombined haploid genome; when cultured without fertilization embryogenic divisions maintain this n number, so tissues leaves roots show halved DNA content compared to diploid control confirmed by flow cytometry and chromosome counting revealing for example 7 chromosomes in barley haploid versus 14 diploid. Such haploids exhibit reduced vigor smaller organs small stomatal guard cells and complete
Ref: Kasha & Kao 1970 haploid plants; Maluszynski et al., FAO doubled haploid manual.
