#membrane

BOTANY

Which of the following is correct about the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing the regulated movement of substances in and out of the ll. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Botany section, Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII), Chapter: Biology - Botany portion (Latest NCERT Textbooks for Academic Session 2026-27 -

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BOTANY

Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is correct?

The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, making it selectively permeable. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Botany section), Chapter: Morphology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants, Topic: Plant structure and tissue systems.

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BOTANY

Which of the following is correct about the fluid mosaic model?

The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Botany section), Chapter: Morphology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants, Topic: Plant structure and tissue systems.

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Microbial Physiology

Which of the following organisms has a tetraether monolayer membrane?

Among prokaryotes, membrane-spanning tetraether lipids represent adaptation to extreme temperature and acidity not found in mesophilic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Bacillus subtilis that maintain bilayer of diester or diether lipids. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, an aerobic thermoacidophile isolated from solfataric hot springs growing optimally at 80 degrees Celsius and pH 2 to 3, synthesizes predominantly glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) composed of two C40 isoprenoid chains linking two glycerol moieties via ether bonds, creating monolayer memb

Ref: Konings et al., Trends Microbiol 2002, Tetraether Membranes; Villanueva et al., Nature Rev Microbiol 2014, Archaeal Lipids.

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Blotting Techniques

Which membrane allows hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions for binding?

PVDF membranes exhibit unique surface chemistry that combines strong hydrophobic interactions mediated by fluorine-rich domains with electrostatic dipole interactions inherent to polarized carbon-fluorine bonds. This dual mode strongly adsorbs proteins via non-polar side chains and charged residues, delivering superior retention compared to nitrocellulose, which relies primarily on hydrophobic forces, and neutral nylon which relies on electrostatics alone. Activation with methanol exposes binding sites and ensures uniform wettability. High binding capacity minimizes protein loss during stringe

Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.

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