“Island distance” for isolation-controlled immigration is affected by. This relationship follows from the ecological mechanism represented by the terms in the item, not merely from an association between their names. At equilibrium, species identities can continue to turn over even when richness is approximately stable. The model predicts a balance of rates, not an absence of colonization or extinction. The remaining alternatives—“Island size”, “Island vegetation”, “Island shape”—refer to different states, processes, or scales and therefore do not express the same causal relationship. Island b
Ref:
The Theory of Island Biogeography, MacArthur & Wilson, Ch. 2-4