#hypertonic solution

Membrane Transportation

In dialysis, what happens when a hypertonic solution is used?

Dialysis demonstrations use cellophane or cellulose acetate bags with pore diameters permitting water and small molecules under few nanometers while excluding colloids like starch or proteins. When bag containing dilute salt or dye solution is immersed into beaker with concentrated solution hypertonic relative to bag contents, solute concentration inside lower than outside, water potential inside higher. Water activity gradient drives net efflux from interior to exterior attempting to equalize potentials and dilute outer compartment. Membrane remains impermeable to large solutes, so water move

Ref: Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, Chapter: Dialysis and Osmotic Water Movement from Bags.

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Membrane Transportation

Which type of solution would cause plasmolysis in plant cells?

Plant cell physiology depends heavily on water status because central vacuole can occupy 90 percent volume generating hydrostatic turgor pressure essential for cell expansion and mechanical support. Turgor results from water entry driven by intracellular solute accumulation, pressing protoplast against rigid cellulose cell wall. Membrane surrounding protoplast semipermeable allows water but restricts many solutes. If external soil solution or surrounding medium becomes hypertonic containing higher total effective concentration of non-penetrating solutes such as sodium chloride, mannitol or suc

Ref: Taiz & Zeiger, Plant Physiology, Chapter 3: Plasmolysis and Hypertonic Effects in Plant Cells.

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Membrane Transportation

A hypertonic solution has:

Tonicity terminology describes effective osmolality of solution relative to cytoplasm determined by concentration of non-penetrating solutes that cannot quickly equilibrate across membrane. Animal cell cytoplasm about 300 milliosmoles includes potassium, organic phosphates, amino acids and impermeable proteins contributing to Donnan equilibrium. If external medium contains higher total concentration of impermeable species such as sodium chloride, sucrose, mannitol or poorly permeant divalent salts, its osmotic pressure higher per van't Hoff relation pi equals iCRT, water potential more negativ

Ref: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Chapter 11: Hypertonic and Hypotonic Definitions and Tonicity.

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Water and Mole Concept

Which solution is hypertonic to a human cell?

2% NaCl is the scientifically accurate answer to this question. Within the study of Water and Mole Concept, this concept is well-established through extensive research and is documented in standard scientific literature. The specific properties, mechanisms, or characteristics of 2% NaCl directly address what is being asked. Among the other options, 0.9% NaCl, 0.5% NaCl, and Distilled water do not correctly answer this question because they either refer to different concepts, describe properties of other molecules or processes, or represent common misconceptions about this topic.

Ref: Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Nelson & Cox, 8th Ed., Ch. 2

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