17 public questions tagged with this topic.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin provides resistance to insect pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.
Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function.
Worldwide area under biotech crops exceeded 206 million hectares in 2023, with herbicide tolerant soybean dominant accounting ~97.8 million hectares nearly 50 percent total, surpassing Bt cotton 25 million, Bt maize 60 million and herbicide tolerant maize. Event GTS 40-3-2 Roundup Ready soybean developed by Monsanto expresses glyphosate-insensitive 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase EPSPS from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, which retains catalytic activity condensing shikimate-3-phosphate with phosphoenolpyruvate even in presence of glyphosate that normally inhibits aromatic amino acid
Ref: ISAAA Global Status 2023 Soybean dominance; Duke & Powles 2008 EPSPS glyphosate; Nature.
Commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops in India regulated under Environment Protection Act EPA 1986, Rules 1989, with Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee GEAC as apex body assessing biosafety, food and feed safety, environmental impact, gene flow to wild relatives and weedy relatives. Despite extensive confined field trials for Bt brinjal expressing Cry1Ac for fruit and shoot borer resistance, Dhara Mustard Hybrid DMH-11 incorporating barnase-barstar hybrid breeding system, and chickpea resistant to pod borer, only Bt cotton containing single or stacked Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab toxi
Ref: ISAAA Brief 58 India 2023; GEAC MoEFCC; Choudhary & Gaur Curr Sci 2020 India GM.
Flavr Savr tomato developed by Calgene Inc., Davis, California, holds historical status as first genetically modified whole food approved for commercial sale and human consumption. FDA completed voluntary consultation DST 1994 after molecular characterization, Southern blot showing two contiguous T-DNA inserts, compositional analysis comparing sugars, acids, lycopene, vitamin C, glycoalkaloids to non-transgenic parent, toxicity assessment of NPTII at acute dosing in mice, and allergenicity search revealing no homology to known allergens. USDA APHIS determined nonregulated status under 7CFR 340
Ref: Redenbaugh et al. Safety assessment Flavr Savr FDA 1992; Bruening & Lyons 2000 Food Chem Toxicol.
International Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications annually reports global adoption of GM crops. Historical data from 1996 to 2023 demonstrates herbicide tolerance trait dominates both by trait type and crop species. Among crops, soybean engineered for glyphosate tolerance occupied largest area, reaching over 94 million hectares in 2019, accounting for about half of all GM hectarage. Drivers include high demand for protein meal for animal feed, suitability of herbicide tolerance for large-scale mechanized farming in United States, Brazil, Argentina, adoption of no-till practice
Ref: ISAAA Brief 55 2019 global status herbicide tolerant soybean dominant; James ISAAA 2014; NCBI NBK131103 statistics; https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/55/
Ecological risk assessment of genetically modified crops prioritizes likelihood and consequence of transgene movement into natural populations. Pollen dispersal by wind or pollinators can fertilize compatible wild relatives growing near fields, introducing transgene into weedy gene pool. If trait confers selective advantage such as herbicide tolerance allowing survival in managed landscapes or insect resistance increasing fitness, introgressed individuals may increase frequency. Concerns include loss of genetic diversity, altered ecosystem interactions, and development of weeds difficult to co
Ref: Dale Plant Biotech J 2002 gene flow; Ellstrand Annu Rev Ecol Syst 2003; NCBI NBK131103 biosafety; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK131103/
GM crops show improved tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, and salinity.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Agricultural Applications - Nutritional Enhancement - Golden Rice and GM Crops
Golden Rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body_x000D_ to address vitamin A deficiency.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Agricultural Applications - Nutritional Enhancement - Golden Rice and GM Crops
Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Agricultural Applications - Nutritional Enhancement - Golden Rice and GM Crops
GM crops are designed to be tolerant to environmental stresses such as drought and extreme temperatures.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Agricultural Applications - Nutritional Enhancement - Golden Rice and GM Crops
Cry genes produce proteins toxic to insect pests, providing pest resistance in genetically modified_x000D_ crops.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Agricultural Applications - Nutritional Enhancement - Golden Rice and GM Crops
Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which helps prevent vitamin A deficiency.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Agricultural Applications - Nutritional Enhancement - Golden Rice and GM Crops
