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Food vacuoles in many cells, including protists, are formed when the cell engulfs food particles. They differ functionally from the contractile vacuole, which is involved in osmoregulation and excretion.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 8: Cell: The Unit of Life Mitochondria Plastids Ribosomes and Other Organelles
Formation of food vacuoles in heterotrophic protists occurs predominantly via phagocytosis, an actin-dependent endocytic process where plasma membrane extends pseudopods enveloping particulate prey such as bacteria or algae, invaginates, and pinches off internally as membrane-bound phagosome. Phagosome subsequently fuses with lysosomes delivering acid hydrolases hydrolyzing macromolecules, nutrients transported into cytoplasm. Residual undigested material undergoes exocytosis. This receptor-mediated process differs from pinocytosis which internalizes fluid phase and diffusion which transports
Ref: Tortora Microbiology protist food vacuole phagocytosis; Campbell Biology 12th ed., Chapter 6 Endocytosis phagocytosis forms vacuole lysosomal digestion
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