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In pteridophytes, the strobilus is a compact structure of sporophylls that bears sporangia, analogous to flowers in seed plants.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom Pteridophytes - Structure and Life Cycle
Bee–flower pollination is a dispersive mutualism because the animal transports pollen between flowers while obtaining food. Bees collect nectar as an energy source and pollen as protein and lipid; pollen grains adhering to their setae are transferred to a receptive stigma during subsequent visits. This movement enables plant fertilization, seed production, and gene flow, while the bee gains resources that support maintenance and reproduction. The term “dispersive” refers to movement of gametes or propagules and includes both pollination and seed dispersal. Resource exchange is involved, but fu
Ref: Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, Begon et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 8-13
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