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#electric charges

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Production of EM Waves and Hertz Experiment

What type of charges produce electromagnetic waves as per the document?

**Aerials produce radio waves** by rapid acceleration/deceleration of electrons in antenna driven by AC, frequency equals driving frequency, for 60 MHz, λ=c/f=3×10⁸/60×10⁶=5 m, half-wave antenna length λ/2=2.5 m, efficient radiation when antenna size comparable to λ. The document states that accelerated charges radiate electromagnetic waves, not stationary or uniformly moving charges. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields Accelerated charges, illustrating EM wave transverse nature and Maxwell's displacement current concept.

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Production of EM Waves and Hertz Experiment

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Production of EM Waves and Hertz Experiment

What type of charges produce electromagnetic waves according to the document?

**Production of EM waves** requires accelerated charge, oscillating LC circuit produces changing E and B, antenna radiates when charge accelerates, frequency determined by L and C, f=1/(2π√(LC)). Hertz used spark gap with inductor and capacitor, produced ~10⁸ Hz radio waves, detected with loop, confirmed transverse nature, reflection, refraction, polarization, speed c. The document mentions that accelerated charges, such as those oscillating or in non-uniform motion, produce electromagnetic waves. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Production of EM Waves and Hertz Experiment

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Production of EM Waves and Hertz Experiment

What type of motion of charges produces electromagnetic waves?

**Hertz experiment** used induction coil connected to two rods with gap, spark produced oscillating charge, emitted EM wave, received by loop with gap sparking when E induced, measured wavelength by standing wave, demonstrated EM wave properties, validating Maxwell. The document states that accelerated charges, such as those in oscillatory motion, produce electromagnetic waves, while stationary or uniformly moving charges do not. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields Accelerated motion, illustrating EM wave transverse nature and Maxwe

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Production of EM Waves and Hertz Experiment

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