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Primary producers, such as plants and phytoplankton, convert inorganic substances into organic material through photosynthesis.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 12: Ecosystem Ecosystem Services and Functions
Only about 10% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next, with most energy lost as heat.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Growth - Exponential and Logistic Models
“Equilibrium theory” for island biogeography is also referred to as. This relationship follows from the ecological mechanism represented by the terms in the item, not merely from an association between their names. Island biogeography explains species richness as a dynamic balance between immigration and extinction. Immigration generally declines as an island fills with species, whereas extinction rises as more species divide finite area and maintain smaller populations. The remaining alternatives—“Dispersal theory”, “Genetic drift theory”, “Habitat theory”—refer to different states, processes
Ref: Biogeography, Lomolino et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 1-4
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