12 public questions tagged with this topic.
The pancreas contains the Islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.
Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function.
Sodium glucose cotransporters SGLT1 SLC5A1 and SGLT2 SLC5A2 are secondary active members using sodium gradient but differ in location, affinity and role. SGLT1 expressed predominantly in apical brush border of small intestine enterocytes and early kidney proximal tubule S3 is high-affinity low-capacity with 2 Na+ to 1 glucose stoichiometry handling dietary glucose and galactose absorption and some glucose reabsorption. SGLT2 localized exclusively in S1 and S2 segments of proximal tubule is low-affinity high-capacity with 1 Na+ to 1 glucose stoichiometry accounting for roughly 90 percent renal
Ref: Wright et al., Physiol Rev 2011, SGLT1 vs SGLT2 distribution and physiology.
Recombinant insulin produced through genetic engineering is used to treat diabetes.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Medical Applications - Genetically Engineered Insulin
Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood glucose levels and glucose excretion in urine.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Endocrine Disorders
Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells and helps lower blood sugar levels.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Endocrine Disorders
Insulin, secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Pancreas - Insulin Glucagon and Diabetes
The pancreas secretes insulin from its beta cells, which regulates blood glucose levels.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Pancreas - Insulin Glucagon and Diabetes
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by body cells.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Pancreas - Insulin Glucagon and Diabetes
Insulin, secreted by beta cells of the pancreas, promotes glucose uptake by cells and helps lower blood sugar levels.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Pancreas - Insulin Glucagon and Diabetes
Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, not the alpha cells. Alpha cells secrete glucagon.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Pancreas - Insulin Glucagon and Diabetes
Radioimmunoassay is competitive binding assay where fixed amount of radiolabeled antigen competes with unlabeled patient antigen for limited antibody. Bound radioactivity is inversely proportional to patient antigen concentration. In type one diabetes low insulin secretion occurs due to beta cell destruction. With little cold insulin to compete, antibody binds predominantly hot labeled insulin, so precipitated complex retains high radioactivity counts. High insulin sample would displace hot insulin and lower counts. Therefore diabetic insulin deficient samples show low circulating insulin but
Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.
Type 2, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.
Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)
