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Applications of EM Waves in Communication and Medicine

Why are microwaves suitable for radar systems in aircraft navigation?

**Microwaves in ovens** cause water molecules to rotate at 2.45 GHz, friction heats food, penetration depth few cm, efficient heating, also radar uses reflection of microwaves from objects, Doppler shift measures speed, medical diathermy uses microwaves for tissue heating. The document explains that microwaves have short wavelengths, making them suitable for radar systems as they can form narrow beams for precise detection. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields They have short wavelengths, illustrating EM wave transverse nature and Ma

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Applications of EM Waves in Communication and Medicine

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Basic Applied Biology

Electrochemical biosensors mainly detect changes in:

Electrochemical biosensors dominate commercial diagnostic market, typified by blood glucose strips, due to ease of miniaturization, low cost and compatibility with portable potentiostats. In these devices analyte recognition by oxidoreductase, dehydrogenase, or affinity bioreceptor immobilized on working electrode modifies local redox environment, ion concentration or interfacial electron transfer resistance. Amperometric mode measures current arising from oxidation or reduction of enzymatic product such as hydrogen peroxide at fixed potential following Cottrell equation where current proporti

Ref: Wang Chemical Reviews 2008 Electrochemical Biosensors; Lodish Molecular Cell Biology 9th ed. biosensing; NIH biosensor guide.

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Hybridization

Analytical microarrays are used to detect:

Analytical protein microarrays, also known as capture arrays, are designed to profile protein abundance, interactions, and activity across proteome using immobilized antibodies or bait proteins. Sample proteins labeled or unlabeled are incubated, and binding patterns reveal protein-protein, protein-DNA, protein-drug, or enzyme-substrate interactions quantitatively. Unlike pure detection of single protein class, analytical format maps interactomes, cross-reactivity, and binding affinities in multiplexed manner. Techniques focusing only on RNA or DNA replication employ nucleic acid microarrays o

Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.

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