14 public questions tagged with this topic.
Angular momentum of a particle is defined as L = r×p, where r is the position vector and p is the linear momentum. As per NCERT, applying relevant law/formula with correct units and sign convention leads to Angular momentum. This satisfies dimensional consistency and physical conditions given, so option C is scientifically correct.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Physics, Thermal Properties and Gravitation.
A vaccine is best defined as immuno-biological product containing all or part of microorganism or its products, synthetic or recombinant antigens, mRNA or viral vector engineered to express antigen, formulated to induce active acquired protective immunity against specific infectious disease or tumor without causing disease itself. It comprises immunogenic principle plus diluents, stabilizers such as sucrose, surfactants, buffers maintaining pH, preservatives like 2-phenoxyethanol preventing bacterial contamination in multidose vials, and sometimes adjuvants aluminum salts, MF59, AS01 enhancing innate activation. Quality attributes include potency measured by in vitro ELISA or in vivo challenge, sterility, purity, safety, absence of extraneous agents. Unlike antibiotics that directly kill bacteria by targeting cell wall synthesis, antibiotics are therapeutic chemotherapeutics, vaccines prophylactic training host defense. Mechanism involves antigen presentation, germinal center formation, affinity maturation, memory generation measurable as neutralizing antibody titer correlate of protection. Vaccines classified prophylactic preventing infection, therapeutic treating existing disease like therapeutic cancer vaccines targeting neoantigens. Definition emphasizes immunity induction rather than direct pathogen killing, distinguishing immunobiological from chemical drug or metabolic inhibitor categories.
Ref: WHO Vaccine definition; Plotkin Vaccines 7th ed Ch 1 immunobiological; CDC NIP.
Biodiversity hotspots are regions rich in endemic species that are under constant threat from habitat loss and therefore require priority conservation.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation Loss of Biodiversity - Causes - Habitat Loss Overexploitation
Standing crop refers to the total biomass of living organisms present in a trophic level at a given time.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 12: Ecosystem Energy Flow - Food Chains Food Webs Trophic Levels
Standing crop refers to the total biomass of living organisms present in a particular trophic level at a specific time.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 12: Ecosystem Decomposition - Process and Factors
Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms, enzymes, or genetic engineering techniques to create useful products for humans.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
In codominance, both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype, as seen in the AB blood group.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Non-Mendelian Inheritance - Incomplete Dominance Co-dominance Multiple Alleles
A taxon is a unit of classification representing a rank or category. Species, genus, family and order are examples of taxa at different hierarchical levels.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 1: The Living World Taxonomic Categories - Species and Genus
Systematics includes identification, nomenclature and classification. It also takes evolutionary relationships among organisms into account.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 1: The Living World Nomenclature and Identification
Multiple mates in a breeding season reflects key principle in quiz on mating behavior+pyqs, where evolutionary mechanisms shape genetic variation and adaptation. In this context, Multiple mates in a breeding season aligns with experimental and theoretical evidence from population genetics, behavioral ecology and molecular phylogeny. Textbooks like Campbell Biology, Futuyma Evolution and Hartl Principles illustrate supporting data. Understanding why Multiple mates in a breeding season fits helps integrate natural selection, drift and species concepts essential for NEET, CSIR-NET and GATE examinations. This concept integrates genetics, ecology and molecular evidence, frequently tested in NEET, GATE and
Ref: Alcock, Animal Behavior, 11th ed., Chapter 11: Mating Systems.
Protists are best defined as predominantly unicellular eukaryotes that do not belong to plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms, making them a paraphyletic collection rather than monophyletic clade. They possess membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria or reduced derivatives, and complex cytoskeleton, yet lack tissue differentiation characterizing multicellular kingdoms. Assemblage includes amoeboid, flagellated, ciliated, and algal forms across multiple supergroups. This negative definition reflects historical kingdom Protista concept before molecular phylogeny resolved them into diverse lineages such as SAR, Amoebozoa, and Excavata originating early in eukaryotic evolution.
Ref: Campbell Biology 12th ed., Chapter 28 Protists eukaryotes not plants animals fungi; NCERT Class 11 Chapter 2 Kingdom Protista definition
Definition of genome extends beyond gene count to total hereditary information carried by cell. It encompasses all chromosomes, both nuclear and extranuclear, including protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs, repetitive sequences, regulatory elements, introns and organellar DNA. While sum of genes describes transcriptome coding potential, sum of DNA may include transient extrachromosomal elements. Sum of chromosomes reflects karyotype count. Comprehensive term sum of all genetic material captures complete haploid or diploid DNA complement inherited by organism, including mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes and variable repetitive fraction that shapes genome size diversity.
Ref: NCBI Bookshelf, Genetics, Genome Definition as Total Genetic Material, Human Genome Project
