In flow cytometry, light is converted from analog to digital in which step?
Flow cytometry signal processing follows sequence: cells generate light via scatter and fluorescence, photodetectors and photomultipliers collect photons and convert into analog voltage pulses proportional to intensity. Preamplifiers amplify these weak signals. Analog to digital converters digitize pulse height, area and width into numerical values stored for analysis. Amplification occurs before conversion to preserve dynamic range. Thus analog to digital conversion is third major step after light generation and analog amplification, enabling computerized gating, compensation and statistical
Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.