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Gene cloning is a technique used to produce multiple identical copies of a gene for research, medicine,_x000D_ and agriculture.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Biosafety and Overview of Applications
Scorable markers permit phenotypic discrimination of clones without killing non-recombinants, unlike selectable markers that allow growth only of transformants. LacZ encoding β-galactosidase is a classic scorable system; its intact product hydrolyzes chromogenic X-gal into blue precipitate. When foreign DNA inserts within lacZα, α-complementation fails. Colonies remain colorless, enabling visual scoring. Antibiotic resistance genes AmpR and TetR and origin of replication Ori provide selection or maintenance but do not produce a directly scoreable colorimetric or luminescent signal for screening recombinant status.
Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.
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