Change in chromosome structure is a cause of:
Modifications of chromosome architecture directly disrupt genetic information storage and segregation. In rapidly dividing callus, spindle aberrations, endoreduplication, telomere attrition, and breakage-fusion-bridge cycles create deletions where segmental DNA is lost, duplications increasing gene dosage, inversions flipping gene order, and reciprocal translocations exchanging arms between non-homologous chromosomes. These events redistribute centromeres, alter linkage maps, expose recessive alleles, and may activate neighboring genes via position effects. Karyotype analysis of long-term cult
Ref: NCBI NBK144424 Chromosome structural aberrations; Lodish Molecular Cell Biology Ch 8; IntechOpen Somaclonal Variation olive; Nature Reviews Genetics translocations.