What fundamental concept explains why the electric field just outside a charged conductor is perpendicular to its surfac
**Electric field** defined as E = F/q₀, force per unit positive test charge, unit N/C or V/m, direction along force on positive test charge. For point charge, E = k q/r² radially outward for q>0. Field lines start on positive and end on negative, density indicates strength. In electrostatic equilibrium, the electric field inside a conductor is zero. If the field just outside had a tangential component, charges would move along the surface, contradicting equilibrium. Thus, the field must be normal to the surface. Substituting values gives Electrostatic equilibrium, which matches expected magnit
Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electric Charges and Fields > Electric Field and Electric Field Lines