Why are X-rays used in crystallography to study atomic structures?
**Hertz experiment** used induction coil connected to two rods with gap, spark produced oscillating charge, emitted EM wave, received by loop with gap sparking when E induced, measured wavelength by standing wave, demonstrated EM wave properties, validating Maxwell. X-rays have wavelengths comparable to atomic spacings, allowing them to diffract off crystal lattices and produce interference patterns that reveal atomic arrangements. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields Comparable wavelengths, illustrating EM wave transverse nature and Maxwell's displacement current concept.
Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Production of EM Waves and Hertz Experiment