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Marine bony fishes maintain buoyancy using an air bladder, which helps control their depth in water.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Mollusca and Echinodermata
Bony fishes have a swim bladder, which helps maintain buoyancy in water.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Aschelminthes and Annelida
Neuston are organisms that live at or immediately adjacent to the air-water interface. Some rest on top of the surface film, termed epineuston, while others occupy its underside, termed hyponeuston. Examples include water striders, floating microbial communities, certain algae, fish eggs, larvae, and small invertebrates. Surface tension creates a specialized habitat, and strong gradients in light, temperature, oxygen, and chemicals distinguish it from deeper water. Wind can aggregate neuston into slicks, while ultraviolet radiation and pollutants concentrated at the surface impose stress. Bent
Ref: Ecology: Concepts and Applications, Molles, 9th Ed., Ch. 2-3
Periphyton is the community attached to submerged surfaces such as stones, sediments, wood, macrophyte stems, and artificial structures. It commonly includes algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, detritus, and small invertebrates embedded in an extracellular matrix. Because these organisms remain associated with a surface, periphyton can intercept dissolved nutrients and sunlight and may contribute strongly to primary production in shallow streams, lake margins, and wetlands. Grazing snails, insect larvae, tadpoles, and fishes often feed on this coating, linking it to higher troph
Ref: Ecology: Concepts and Applications, Molles, 9th Ed., Ch. 2-3
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